netstack3_tcp/congestion/

cubic.rs

// Copyright 2022 The Fuchsia Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

//! The CUBIC congestion control algorithm as described in
//! [RFC 8312](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8312).
//!
//! Note: This module uses floating point arithmetics, assuming the TCP stack is
//! in user space, as it is on Fuchsia. By not restricting ourselves, it is more
//! straightforward to implement and easier to understand. We don't need to care
//! about overflows and we get better precision. However, if this algorithm ever
//! needs to be run in kernel space, especially when fp arithmentics are not
//! allowed when the kernel deems saving fp registers too expensive, we should
//! use fixed point arithmetic. Casts from u32 to f32 are always fine as f32 can
//! represent a much bigger value range than u32; On the other hand, f32 to u32
//! casts are also fine because Rust guarantees rounding towards zero (+inf is
//! converted to u32::MAX), which aligns with our intention well.
//!
//! Reference: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/operator-expr.html#type-cast-expressions

use core::num::NonZeroU32;
use core::time::Duration;

use netstack3_base::{Instant, Mss};

use crate::internal::congestion::CongestionControlParams;

/// Per RFC 8312 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8312#section-4.5):
///  Parameter beta_cubic SHOULD be set to 0.7.
const CUBIC_BETA: f32 = 0.7;
/// Per RFC 8312 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8312#section-5):
///  Therefore, C SHOULD be set to 0.4.
const CUBIC_C: f32 = 0.4;

/// The CUBIC algorithm state variables.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, derivative::Derivative)]
#[derivative(Default(bound = ""))]
pub(super) struct Cubic<I, const FAST_CONVERGENCE: bool> {
    /// The start of the current congestion avoidance epoch.
    epoch_start: Option<I>,
    /// Coefficient for the cubic term of time into the current congestion
    /// avoidance epoch.
    k: f32,
    /// The window size when the last congestion event occurred, in bytes.
    w_max: u32,
    /// The running count of acked bytes during congestion avoidance.
    bytes_acked: u32,
}

impl<I: Instant, const FAST_CONVERGENCE: bool> Cubic<I, FAST_CONVERGENCE> {
    /// Returns the window size governed by the cubic growth function, in bytes.
    ///
    /// This function is responsible for the concave/convex regions described
    /// in the RFC.
    fn cubic_window(&self, t: Duration, mss: Mss) -> u32 {
        // Per RFC 8312 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8312#section-4.1):
        //   W_cubic(t) = C*(t-K)^3 + W_max (Eq. 1)
        let x = t.as_secs_f32() - self.k;
        let w_cubic = (self.cubic_c(mss) * f32::powi(x, 3)) + self.w_max as f32;
        w_cubic as u32
    }

    /// Returns the window size for standard TCP, in bytes.
    fn standard_tcp_window(&self, t: Duration, rtt: Duration, mss: Mss) -> u32 {
        // Per RFC 8312 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8312#section-4.2):
        //   W_est(t) = W_max*beta_cubic +
        //         [3*(1-beta_cubic)/(1+beta_cubic)] * (t/RTT) (Eq. 4)
        let round_trips = t.as_secs_f32() / rtt.as_secs_f32();
        let w_tcp = self.w_max as f32 * CUBIC_BETA
            + (3.0 * (1.0 - CUBIC_BETA) / (1.0 + CUBIC_BETA)) * round_trips * u32::from(mss) as f32;
        w_tcp as u32
    }

    pub(super) fn on_ack(
        &mut self,
        CongestionControlParams { cwnd, ssthresh, mss }: &mut CongestionControlParams,
        mut bytes_acked: NonZeroU32,
        now: I,
        rtt: Duration,
    ) {
        if *cwnd < *ssthresh {
            // Slow start, Per RFC 5681 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5681#page-6):
            // we RECOMMEND that TCP implementations increase cwnd, per:
            //   cwnd += min (N, SMSS)                      (2)
            *cwnd += u32::min(bytes_acked.get(), u32::from(*mss));
            if *cwnd <= *ssthresh {
                return;
            }
            // Now that we are moving out of slow start, we need to treat the
            // extra bytes differently, set the cwnd back to ssthresh and then
            // backtrack the portion of bytes that should be processed in
            // congestion avoidance.
            match cwnd.checked_sub(*ssthresh).and_then(NonZeroU32::new) {
                None => return,
                Some(diff) => bytes_acked = diff,
            }
            *cwnd = *ssthresh;
        }

        // Congestion avoidance.
        let epoch_start = match self.epoch_start {
            Some(epoch_start) => epoch_start,
            None => {
                // Setup the parameters for the current congestion avoidance epoch.
                if let Some(w_max_diff_cwnd) = self.w_max.checked_sub(*cwnd) {
                    // K is the time period that the above function takes to
                    // increase the current window size to W_max if there are no
                    // further congestion events and is calculated using the
                    // following equation:
                    //   K = cubic_root(W_max*(1-beta_cubic)/C) (Eq. 2)
                    self.k = (w_max_diff_cwnd as f32 / self.cubic_c(*mss)).cbrt();
                } else {
                    // Per RFC 8312 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8312#section-4.8):
                    //   In the case when CUBIC runs the hybrid slow start [HR08],
                    //   it may exit the first slow start without incurring any
                    //   packet loss and thus W_max is undefined. In this special
                    //   case, CUBIC switches to congestion avoidance and increases
                    //   its congestion window size using Eq. 1, where t is the
                    //   elapsed time since the beginning of the current congestion
                    //   avoidance, K is set to 0, and W_max is set to the
                    //   congestion window size at the beginning of the current
                    //   congestion avoidance.
                    self.k = 0.0;
                    self.w_max = *cwnd;
                }
                self.epoch_start = Some(now);
                now
            }
        };

        // Per RFC 8312 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8312#section-4.7):
        //   Upon receiving an ACK during congestion avoidance, CUBIC computes
        //   the window increase rate during the next RTT period using Eq. 1.
        //   It sets W_cubic(t+RTT) as the candidate target value of the
        //   congestion window, where RTT is the weighted average RTT calculated
        //   by Standard TCP.
        let t = now.saturating_duration_since(epoch_start);
        let target = self.cubic_window(t + rtt, *mss);

        // In a *very* rare case, we might overflow the counter if the acks
        // keep coming in and we can't increase our congestion window. Use
        // saturating add here as a defense so that we don't lost ack counts
        // by accident.
        self.bytes_acked = self.bytes_acked.saturating_add(bytes_acked.get());

        // Per RFC 8312 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8312#section-4.3):
        //   cwnd MUST be incremented by (W_cubic(t+RTT) - cwnd)/cwnd for each
        //   received ACK.
        // Note: Here we use a similar approach as in appropriate byte counting
        // (RFC 3465) - We count how many bytes are now acked, then we use Eq. 1
        // to calculate how many acked bytes are needed before we can increase
        // our cwnd by 1 MSS. The increase rate is (target - cwnd)/cwnd segments
        // per ACK which is the same as 1 segment per cwnd/(target - cwnd) ACKs.
        // Because our cubic function is a monotonically increasing function,
        // this method is slightly more aggressive - if we need N acks to
        // increase our window by 1 MSS, then it would take the RFC method at
        // least N acks to increase the same amount. This method is used in the
        // original CUBIC paper[1], and it eliminates the need to use f32 for
        // cwnd, which is a bit awkward especially because our unit is in bytes
        // and it doesn't make much sense to have byte number not to be a whole
        // number.
        // [1]: (https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall16/cos561/papers/Cubic08.pdf)

        {
            let mss = u32::from(*mss);
            // `saturating_add` avoids overflow in `cwnd`. See https://fxbug.dev/327628809.
            let increased_cwnd = cwnd.saturating_add(mss);
            if target >= increased_cwnd {
                // Ensure the divisor is at least `mss` in case `target` and `cwnd`
                // are both u32::MAX to avoid divide-by-zero.
                let divisor = (target - *cwnd).max(mss);
                let to_subtract_from_bytes_acked = *cwnd / divisor * mss;
                // And the # of acked bytes is at least the required amount of bytes for
                // increasing 1 MSS.
                if self.bytes_acked >= to_subtract_from_bytes_acked {
                    self.bytes_acked -= to_subtract_from_bytes_acked;
                    *cwnd = increased_cwnd;
                }
            }
        }

        // Per RFC 8312 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8312#section-4.2):
        //   CUBIC checks whether W_cubic(t) is less than W_est(t).  If so,
        //   CUBIC is in the TCP-friendly region and cwnd SHOULD be set to
        //   W_est(t) at each reception of an ACK.
        let w_tcp = self.standard_tcp_window(t, rtt, *mss);
        if *cwnd < w_tcp {
            *cwnd = w_tcp;
        }
    }

    pub(super) fn on_loss_detected(
        &mut self,
        CongestionControlParams { cwnd, ssthresh, mss }: &mut CongestionControlParams,
    ) {
        // End the current congestion avoidance epoch.
        self.epoch_start = None;
        // Per RFC 8312 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8312#section-4.6):
        //   With fast convergence, when a congestion event occurs, before the
        //   window reduction of the congestion window, a flow remembers the last
        //   value of W_max before it updates W_max for the current congestion
        //   event.  Let us call the last value of W_max to be W_last_max.
        //   if (W_max < W_last_max){ // should we make room for others
        //     W_last_max = W_max;             // remember the last W_max
        //     W_max = W_max*(1.0+beta_cubic)/2.0; // further reduce W_max
        //   } else {
        //     W_last_max = W_max              // remember the last W_max
        //   }
        // Note: Here the code is slightly different from the RFC because there
        // is an order to update the variables so that we do not need to store
        // an extra variable (W_last_max). i.e. instead of assigning cwnd to
        // W_max first, we compare it to W_last_max, that is the W_max before
        // updating.
        if FAST_CONVERGENCE && *cwnd < self.w_max {
            self.w_max = (*cwnd as f32 * (1.0 + CUBIC_BETA) / 2.0) as u32;
        } else {
            self.w_max = *cwnd;
        }
        // Per RFC 8312 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8312#section-4.7):
        //   In case of timeout, CUBIC follows Standard TCP to reduce cwnd
        //   [RFC5681], but sets ssthresh using beta_cubic (same as in
        //   Section 4.5) that is different from Standard TCP [RFC5681].
        *ssthresh = u32::max((*cwnd as f32 * CUBIC_BETA) as u32, 2 * u32::from(*mss));
        *cwnd = *ssthresh;
        // Reset our running count of the acked bytes.
        self.bytes_acked = 0;
    }

    pub(super) fn on_retransmission_timeout(&mut self, params: &mut CongestionControlParams) {
        self.on_loss_detected(params);
        // Per RFC 5681 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5681#page-8):
        //   Furthermore, upon a timeout (as specified in [RFC2988]) cwnd MUST be
        //   set to no more than the loss window, LW, which equals 1 full-sized
        //   segment (regardless of the value of IW).
        params.cwnd = u32::from(params.mss);
    }

    fn cubic_c(&self, mss: Mss) -> f32 {
        // Note: cwnd and w_max are in unit of bytes as opposed to segments in
        // RFC, so C should be CUBIC_C * mss for our implementation.
        CUBIC_C * u32::from(mss) as f32
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use netstack3_base::testutil::FakeInstantCtx;
    use netstack3_base::InstantContext as _;
    use test_case::test_case;

    use super::*;
    use crate::internal::base::testutil::DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE;

    impl<I: Instant, const FAST_CONVERGENCE: bool> Cubic<I, FAST_CONVERGENCE> {
        // Helper function in test that takes a u32 instead of a NonZeroU32
        // as we know we never pass 0 in the test and it's a bit clumsy to
        // convert a u32 into a NonZeroU32 every time.
        fn on_ack_u32(
            &mut self,
            params: &mut CongestionControlParams,
            bytes_acked: u32,
            now: I,
            rtt: Duration,
        ) {
            self.on_ack(params, NonZeroU32::new(bytes_acked).unwrap(), now, rtt)
        }
    }

    // The following expectations are extracted from table. 1 and table. 2 in
    // RFC 8312 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8312#section-5.1). Note that
    // some numbers do not match as-is, but the error rate is acceptable (~2%),
    // this can be attributed to a few things, e.g., the way we simulate is
    // slightly different from the the ideal process, as we start the first
    // congestion avoidance with the convex region which grows pretty fast, also
    // the theoretical estimation is an approximation already. The theoretical
    // value is included in the name for each case.
    #[test_case(Duration::from_millis(100), 100 => 11; "rtt=0.1 p=0.01 Wavg=12")]
    #[test_case(Duration::from_millis(100), 1_000 => 38; "rtt=0.1 p=0.001 Wavg=38")]
    #[test_case(Duration::from_millis(100), 10_000 => 186; "rtt=0.1 p=0.0001 Wavg=187")]
    #[test_case(Duration::from_millis(100), 100_000 => 1078; "rtt=0.1 p=0.00001 Wavg=1054")]
    #[test_case(Duration::from_millis(10), 100 => 11; "rtt=0.01 p=0.01 Wavg=12")]
    #[test_case(Duration::from_millis(10), 1_000 => 37; "rtt=0.01 p=0.001 Wavg=38")]
    #[test_case(Duration::from_millis(10), 10_000 => 121; "rtt=0.01 p=0.0001 Wavg=120")]
    #[test_case(Duration::from_millis(10), 100_000 => 384; "rtt=0.01 p=0.00001 Wavg=379")]
    #[test_case(Duration::from_millis(10), 1_000_000 => 1276; "rtt=0.01 p=0.000001 Wavg=1200")]
    fn average_window_size(rtt: Duration, loss_rate_reciprocal: u32) -> u32 {
        const ROUND_TRIPS: u32 = 100_000;

        // The theoretical predictions do not consider fast convergence,
        // disable it.
        let mut cubic = Cubic::<_, false /* FAST_CONVERGENCE */>::default();
        let mut params = CongestionControlParams::with_mss(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE);
        // The theoretical value is a prediction for the congestion avoidance
        // only, set ssthresh to 1 so that we skip slow start. Slow start can
        // grow the window size very quickly.
        params.ssthresh = 1;

        let mut clock = FakeInstantCtx::default();

        let mut avg_pkts = 0.0f32;
        let mut ack_cnt = 0;

        // We simulate a deterministic loss model, i.e., for loss_rate p, we
        // drop one packet for every 1/p packets.
        for _ in 0..ROUND_TRIPS {
            let cwnd = u32::from(params.rounded_cwnd());
            if ack_cnt >= loss_rate_reciprocal {
                ack_cnt -= loss_rate_reciprocal;
                cubic.on_loss_detected(&mut params);
            } else {
                ack_cnt += cwnd / u32::from(params.mss);
                // We will get at least one ack for every two segments we send.
                for _ in 0..u32::max(cwnd / u32::from(params.mss) / 2, 1) {
                    let bytes_acked = 2 * u32::from(params.mss);
                    cubic.on_ack_u32(&mut params, bytes_acked, clock.now(), rtt);
                }
            }
            clock.sleep(rtt);
            avg_pkts += (cwnd / u32::from(params.mss)) as f32 / ROUND_TRIPS as f32;
        }
        avg_pkts as u32
    }

    #[test]
    fn cubic_example() {
        let mut clock = FakeInstantCtx::default();
        let mut cubic = Cubic::<_, true /* FAST_CONVERGENCE */>::default();
        let mut params = CongestionControlParams::with_mss(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE);
        const RTT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);

        // Assert we have the correct initial window.
        assert_eq!(params.cwnd, 4 * u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE));

        // Slow start.
        clock.sleep(RTT);
        for _seg in 0..params.cwnd / u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE) {
            cubic.on_ack_u32(
                &mut params,
                u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE),
                clock.now(),
                RTT,
            );
        }
        assert_eq!(params.cwnd, 8 * u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE));

        clock.sleep(RTT);
        cubic.on_retransmission_timeout(&mut params);
        assert_eq!(params.cwnd, u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE));

        // We are now back in slow start.
        clock.sleep(RTT);
        cubic.on_ack_u32(
            &mut params,
            u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE),
            clock.now(),
            RTT,
        );
        assert_eq!(params.cwnd, 2 * u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE));

        clock.sleep(RTT);
        for _ in 0..2 {
            cubic.on_ack_u32(
                &mut params,
                u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE),
                clock.now(),
                RTT,
            );
        }
        assert_eq!(params.cwnd, 4 * u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE));

        // In this roundtrip, we enter a new congestion epoch from slow start,
        // in this round trip, both cubic and tcp equations will have t=0, so
        // the cwnd in this round trip will be ssthresh, which is 3001 bytes,
        // or 5 full sized segments.
        clock.sleep(RTT);
        for _seg in 0..params.cwnd / u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE) {
            cubic.on_ack_u32(
                &mut params,
                u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE),
                clock.now(),
                RTT,
            );
        }
        assert_eq!(
            u32::from(params.rounded_cwnd()),
            5 * u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE)
        );

        // Now we are at `epoch_start+RTT`, the window size should grow by at
        // lease 1 u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE) per RTT (standard TCP).
        clock.sleep(RTT);
        for _seg in 0..params.cwnd / u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE) {
            cubic.on_ack_u32(
                &mut params,
                u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE),
                clock.now(),
                RTT,
            );
        }
        assert_eq!(
            u32::from(params.rounded_cwnd()),
            6 * u32::from(DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE)
        );
    }

    // This is a regression test for https://fxbug.dev/327628809.
    #[test_case(u32::MAX ; "cwnd is u32::MAX")]
    #[test_case(u32::MAX - 1; "cwnd is u32::MAX - 1")]
    fn repro_overflow_b327628809(cwnd: u32) {
        let clock = FakeInstantCtx::default();
        let mut cubic = Cubic::<_, true /* FAST_CONVERGENCE */>::default();
        let mut params =
            CongestionControlParams { ssthresh: 0, cwnd, mss: DEFAULT_IPV4_MAXIMUM_SEGMENT_SIZE };
        const RTT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);

        cubic.on_ack(&mut params, NonZeroU32::MIN, clock.now(), RTT);
    }
}