downcast_rs/
lib.rs

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
#![deny(unsafe_code)]
#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
//! [![Build status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/marcianx/downcast-rs/CI/master)](https://github.com/marcianx/downcast-rs/actions)
//! [![Latest version](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/downcast-rs.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/downcast-rs)
//! [![Documentation](https://docs.rs/downcast-rs/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/downcast-rs)
//!
//! Rust enums are great for types where all variations are known beforehand. But a
//! container of user-defined types requires an open-ended type like a **trait
//! object**. Some applications may want to cast these trait objects back to the
//! original concrete types to access additional functionality and performant
//! inlined implementations.
//!
//! `downcast-rs` adds this downcasting support to trait objects using only safe
//! Rust. It supports **type parameters**, **associated types**, and **constraints**.
//!
//! # Usage
//!
//! Add the following to your `Cargo.toml`:
//!
//! ```toml
//! [dependencies]
//! downcast-rs = "1.2.0"
//! ```
//!
//! This crate is `no_std` compatible. To use it without `std`:
//!
//! ```toml
//! [dependencies]
//! downcast-rs = { version = "1.2.0", default-features = false }
//! ```
//!
//! To make a trait downcastable, make it extend either `downcast::Downcast` or
//! `downcast::DowncastSync` and invoke `impl_downcast!` on it as in the examples
//! below.
//!
//! Since 1.1.0, the minimum supported Rust version is 1.33 to support `Rc` and `Arc`
//! in the receiver position.
//!
//! ```
//! # #[macro_use]
//! # extern crate downcast_rs;
//! # use downcast_rs::{Downcast, DowncastSync};
//! trait Trait: Downcast {}
//! impl_downcast!(Trait);
//!
//! // Also supports downcasting `Arc`-ed trait objects by extending `DowncastSync`
//! // and starting `impl_downcast!` with `sync`.
//! trait TraitSync: DowncastSync {}
//! impl_downcast!(sync TraitSync);
//!
//! // With type parameters.
//! trait TraitGeneric1<T>: Downcast {}
//! impl_downcast!(TraitGeneric1<T>);
//!
//! // With associated types.
//! trait TraitGeneric2: Downcast { type G; type H; }
//! impl_downcast!(TraitGeneric2 assoc G, H);
//!
//! // With constraints on types.
//! trait TraitGeneric3<T: Copy>: Downcast {
//!     type H: Clone;
//! }
//! impl_downcast!(TraitGeneric3<T> assoc H where T: Copy, H: Clone);
//!
//! // With concrete types.
//! trait TraitConcrete1<T: Copy>: Downcast {}
//! impl_downcast!(concrete TraitConcrete1<u32>);
//!
//! trait TraitConcrete2<T: Copy>: Downcast { type H; }
//! impl_downcast!(concrete TraitConcrete2<u32> assoc H=f64);
//! # fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! # Example without generics
//!
//! ```
//! # use std::rc::Rc;
//! # use std::sync::Arc;
//! // Import macro via `macro_use` pre-1.30.
//! #[macro_use]
//! extern crate downcast_rs;
//! use downcast_rs::DowncastSync;
//!
//! // To create a trait with downcasting methods, extend `Downcast` or `DowncastSync`
//! // and run `impl_downcast!()` on the trait.
//! trait Base: DowncastSync {}
//! impl_downcast!(sync Base);  // `sync` => also produce `Arc` downcasts.
//!
//! // Concrete types implementing Base.
//! #[derive(Debug)]
//! struct Foo(u32);
//! impl Base for Foo {}
//! #[derive(Debug)]
//! struct Bar(f64);
//! impl Base for Bar {}
//!
//! fn main() {
//!     // Create a trait object.
//!     let mut base: Box<Base> = Box::new(Foo(42));
//!
//!     // Try sequential downcasts.
//!     if let Some(foo) = base.downcast_ref::<Foo>() {
//!         assert_eq!(foo.0, 42);
//!     } else if let Some(bar) = base.downcast_ref::<Bar>() {
//!         assert_eq!(bar.0, 42.0);
//!     }
//!
//!     assert!(base.is::<Foo>());
//!
//!     // Fail to convert `Box<Base>` into `Box<Bar>`.
//!     let res = base.downcast::<Bar>();
//!     assert!(res.is_err());
//!     let base = res.unwrap_err();
//!     // Convert `Box<Base>` into `Box<Foo>`.
//!     assert_eq!(42, base.downcast::<Foo>().map_err(|_| "Shouldn't happen.").unwrap().0);
//!
//!     // Also works with `Rc`.
//!     let mut rc: Rc<Base> = Rc::new(Foo(42));
//!     assert_eq!(42, rc.downcast_rc::<Foo>().map_err(|_| "Shouldn't happen.").unwrap().0);
//!
//!     // Since this trait is `Sync`, it also supports `Arc` downcasts.
//!     let mut arc: Arc<Base> = Arc::new(Foo(42));
//!     assert_eq!(42, arc.downcast_arc::<Foo>().map_err(|_| "Shouldn't happen.").unwrap().0);
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! # Example with a generic trait with associated types and constraints
//!
//! ```
//! // Can call macro via namespace since rust 1.30.
//! extern crate downcast_rs;
//! use downcast_rs::Downcast;
//!
//! // To create a trait with downcasting methods, extend `Downcast` or `DowncastSync`
//! // and run `impl_downcast!()` on the trait.
//! trait Base<T: Clone>: Downcast { type H: Copy; }
//! downcast_rs::impl_downcast!(Base<T> assoc H where T: Clone, H: Copy);
//! // or: impl_downcast!(concrete Base<u32> assoc H=f32)
//!
//! // Concrete types implementing Base.
//! struct Foo(u32);
//! impl Base<u32> for Foo { type H = f32; }
//! struct Bar(f64);
//! impl Base<u32> for Bar { type H = f32; }
//!
//! fn main() {
//!     // Create a trait object.
//!     let mut base: Box<Base<u32, H=f32>> = Box::new(Bar(42.0));
//!
//!     // Try sequential downcasts.
//!     if let Some(foo) = base.downcast_ref::<Foo>() {
//!         assert_eq!(foo.0, 42);
//!     } else if let Some(bar) = base.downcast_ref::<Bar>() {
//!         assert_eq!(bar.0, 42.0);
//!     }
//!
//!     assert!(base.is::<Bar>());
//! }
//! ```

// for compatibility with no std and macros
#[doc(hidden)]
#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
pub extern crate core as __std;
#[doc(hidden)]
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
pub extern crate std as __std;
#[doc(hidden)]
pub extern crate alloc as __alloc;

use __std::any::Any;
use __alloc::{boxed::Box, rc::Rc, sync::Arc};

/// Supports conversion to `Any`. Traits to be extended by `impl_downcast!` must extend `Downcast`.
pub trait Downcast: Any {
    /// Convert `Box<dyn Trait>` (where `Trait: Downcast`) to `Box<dyn Any>`. `Box<dyn Any>` can
    /// then be further `downcast` into `Box<ConcreteType>` where `ConcreteType` implements `Trait`.
    fn into_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any>;
    /// Convert `Rc<Trait>` (where `Trait: Downcast`) to `Rc<Any>`. `Rc<Any>` can then be
    /// further `downcast` into `Rc<ConcreteType>` where `ConcreteType` implements `Trait`.
    fn into_any_rc(self: Rc<Self>) -> Rc<dyn Any>;
    /// Convert `&Trait` (where `Trait: Downcast`) to `&Any`. This is needed since Rust cannot
    /// generate `&Any`'s vtable from `&Trait`'s.
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    /// Convert `&mut Trait` (where `Trait: Downcast`) to `&Any`. This is needed since Rust cannot
    /// generate `&mut Any`'s vtable from `&mut Trait`'s.
    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
}

impl<T: Any> Downcast for T {
    fn into_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any> { self }
    fn into_any_rc(self: Rc<Self>) -> Rc<dyn Any> { self }
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any { self }
    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any { self }
}

/// Extends `Downcast` to support `Sync` traits that thus support `Arc` downcasting as well.
pub trait DowncastSync: Downcast + Send + Sync {
    /// Convert `Arc<Trait>` (where `Trait: Downcast`) to `Arc<Any>`. `Arc<Any>` can then be
    /// further `downcast` into `Arc<ConcreteType>` where `ConcreteType` implements `Trait`.
    fn into_any_arc(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>;
}

impl<T: Any + Send + Sync> DowncastSync for T {
    fn into_any_arc(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync> { self }
}

/// Adds downcasting support to traits that extend `downcast::Downcast` by defining forwarding
/// methods to the corresponding implementations on `std::any::Any` in the standard library.
///
/// See https://users.rust-lang.org/t/how-to-create-a-macro-to-impl-a-provided-type-parametrized-trait/5289
/// for why this is implemented this way to support templatized traits.
#[macro_export(local_inner_macros)]
macro_rules! impl_downcast {
    (@impl_full
        $trait_:ident [$($param_types:tt)*]
        for [$($forall_types:ident),*]
        where [$($preds:tt)*]
    ) => {
        impl_downcast! {
            @inject_where
                [impl<$($forall_types),*> dyn $trait_<$($param_types)*>]
                types [$($forall_types),*]
                where [$($preds)*]
                [{
                    impl_downcast! { @impl_body $trait_ [$($param_types)*] }
                }]
        }
    };

    (@impl_full_sync
        $trait_:ident [$($param_types:tt)*]
        for [$($forall_types:ident),*]
        where [$($preds:tt)*]
    ) => {
        impl_downcast! {
            @inject_where
                [impl<$($forall_types),*> dyn $trait_<$($param_types)*>]
                types [$($forall_types),*]
                where [$($preds)*]
                [{
                    impl_downcast! { @impl_body $trait_ [$($param_types)*] }
                    impl_downcast! { @impl_body_sync $trait_ [$($param_types)*] }
                }]
        }
    };

    (@impl_body $trait_:ident [$($types:tt)*]) => {
        /// Returns true if the trait object wraps an object of type `__T`.
        #[inline]
        pub fn is<__T: $trait_<$($types)*>>(&self) -> bool {
            $crate::Downcast::as_any(self).is::<__T>()
        }
        /// Returns a boxed object from a boxed trait object if the underlying object is of type
        /// `__T`. Returns the original boxed trait if it isn't.
        #[inline]
        pub fn downcast<__T: $trait_<$($types)*>>(
            self: $crate::__alloc::boxed::Box<Self>
        ) -> $crate::__std::result::Result<$crate::__alloc::boxed::Box<__T>, $crate::__alloc::boxed::Box<Self>> {
            if self.is::<__T>() {
                Ok($crate::Downcast::into_any(self).downcast::<__T>().unwrap())
            } else {
                Err(self)
            }
        }
        /// Returns an `Rc`-ed object from an `Rc`-ed trait object if the underlying object is of
        /// type `__T`. Returns the original `Rc`-ed trait if it isn't.
        #[inline]
        pub fn downcast_rc<__T: $trait_<$($types)*>>(
            self: $crate::__alloc::rc::Rc<Self>
        ) -> $crate::__std::result::Result<$crate::__alloc::rc::Rc<__T>, $crate::__alloc::rc::Rc<Self>> {
            if self.is::<__T>() {
                Ok($crate::Downcast::into_any_rc(self).downcast::<__T>().unwrap())
            } else {
                Err(self)
            }
        }
        /// Returns a reference to the object within the trait object if it is of type `__T`, or
        /// `None` if it isn't.
        #[inline]
        pub fn downcast_ref<__T: $trait_<$($types)*>>(&self) -> $crate::__std::option::Option<&__T> {
            $crate::Downcast::as_any(self).downcast_ref::<__T>()
        }
        /// Returns a mutable reference to the object within the trait object if it is of type
        /// `__T`, or `None` if it isn't.
        #[inline]
        pub fn downcast_mut<__T: $trait_<$($types)*>>(&mut self) -> $crate::__std::option::Option<&mut __T> {
            $crate::Downcast::as_any_mut(self).downcast_mut::<__T>()
        }
    };

    (@impl_body_sync $trait_:ident [$($types:tt)*]) => {
        /// Returns an `Arc`-ed object from an `Arc`-ed trait object if the underlying object is of
        /// type `__T`. Returns the original `Arc`-ed trait if it isn't.
        #[inline]
        pub fn downcast_arc<__T: $trait_<$($types)*>>(
            self: $crate::__alloc::sync::Arc<Self>,
        ) -> $crate::__std::result::Result<$crate::__alloc::sync::Arc<__T>, $crate::__alloc::sync::Arc<Self>>
            where __T: $crate::__std::any::Any + $crate::__std::marker::Send + $crate::__std::marker::Sync
        {
            if self.is::<__T>() {
                Ok($crate::DowncastSync::into_any_arc(self).downcast::<__T>().unwrap())
            } else {
                Err(self)
            }
        }
    };

    (@inject_where [$($before:tt)*] types [] where [] [$($after:tt)*]) => {
        impl_downcast! { @as_item $($before)* $($after)* }
    };

    (@inject_where [$($before:tt)*] types [$($types:ident),*] where [] [$($after:tt)*]) => {
        impl_downcast! {
            @as_item
                $($before)*
                where $( $types: $crate::__std::any::Any + 'static ),*
                $($after)*
        }
    };
    (@inject_where [$($before:tt)*] types [$($types:ident),*] where [$($preds:tt)+] [$($after:tt)*]) => {
        impl_downcast! {
            @as_item
                $($before)*
                where
                    $( $types: $crate::__std::any::Any + 'static, )*
                    $($preds)*
                $($after)*
        }
    };

    (@as_item $i:item) => { $i };

    // No type parameters.
    ($trait_:ident   ) => { impl_downcast! { @impl_full $trait_ [] for [] where [] } };
    ($trait_:ident <>) => { impl_downcast! { @impl_full $trait_ [] for [] where [] } };
    (sync $trait_:ident   ) => { impl_downcast! { @impl_full_sync $trait_ [] for [] where [] } };
    (sync $trait_:ident <>) => { impl_downcast! { @impl_full_sync $trait_ [] for [] where [] } };
    // Type parameters.
    ($trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* >) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full $trait_ [$($types),*] for [$($types),*] where [] }
    };
    (sync $trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* >) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full_sync $trait_ [$($types),*] for [$($types),*] where [] }
    };
    // Type parameters and where clauses.
    ($trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* > where $($preds:tt)+) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full $trait_ [$($types),*] for [$($types),*] where [$($preds)*] }
    };
    (sync $trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* > where $($preds:tt)+) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full_sync $trait_ [$($types),*] for [$($types),*] where [$($preds)*] }
    };
    // Associated types.
    ($trait_:ident assoc $($atypes:ident),*) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full $trait_ [$($atypes = $atypes),*] for [$($atypes),*] where [] }
    };
    (sync $trait_:ident assoc $($atypes:ident),*) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full_sync $trait_ [$($atypes = $atypes),*] for [$($atypes),*] where [] }
    };
    // Associated types and where clauses.
    ($trait_:ident assoc $($atypes:ident),* where $($preds:tt)+) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full $trait_ [$($atypes = $atypes),*] for [$($atypes),*] where [$($preds)*] }
    };
    (sync $trait_:ident assoc $($atypes:ident),* where $($preds:tt)+) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full_sync $trait_ [$($atypes = $atypes),*] for [$($atypes),*] where [$($preds)*] }
    };
    // Type parameters and associated types.
    ($trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* > assoc $($atypes:ident),*) => {
        impl_downcast! {
            @impl_full
                $trait_ [$($types),*, $($atypes = $atypes),*]
                for [$($types),*, $($atypes),*]
                where []
        }
    };
    (sync $trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* > assoc $($atypes:ident),*) => {
        impl_downcast! {
            @impl_full_sync
                $trait_ [$($types),*, $($atypes = $atypes),*]
                for [$($types),*, $($atypes),*]
                where []
        }
    };
    // Type parameters, associated types, and where clauses.
    ($trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* > assoc $($atypes:ident),* where $($preds:tt)+) => {
        impl_downcast! {
            @impl_full
                $trait_ [$($types),*, $($atypes = $atypes),*]
                for [$($types),*, $($atypes),*]
                where [$($preds)*]
        }
    };
    (sync $trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* > assoc $($atypes:ident),* where $($preds:tt)+) => {
        impl_downcast! {
            @impl_full_sync
                $trait_ [$($types),*, $($atypes = $atypes),*]
                for [$($types),*, $($atypes),*]
                where [$($preds)*]
        }
    };
    // Concretely-parametrized types.
    (concrete $trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* >) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full $trait_ [$($types),*] for [] where [] }
    };
    (sync concrete $trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* >) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full_sync $trait_ [$($types),*] for [] where [] }
    };
    // Concretely-associated types types.
    (concrete $trait_:ident assoc $($atypes:ident = $aty:ty),*) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full $trait_ [$($atypes = $aty),*] for [] where [] }
    };
    (sync concrete $trait_:ident assoc $($atypes:ident = $aty:ty),*) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full_sync $trait_ [$($atypes = $aty),*] for [] where [] }
    };
    // Concretely-parametrized types with concrete associated types.
    (concrete $trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* > assoc $($atypes:ident = $aty:ty),*) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full $trait_ [$($types),*, $($atypes = $aty),*] for [] where [] }
    };
    (sync concrete $trait_:ident < $($types:ident),* > assoc $($atypes:ident = $aty:ty),*) => {
        impl_downcast! { @impl_full_sync $trait_ [$($types),*, $($atypes = $aty),*] for [] where [] }
    };
}


#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    macro_rules! test_mod {
        (
            $test_mod_name:ident,
            trait $base_trait:path { $($base_impl:tt)* },
            non_sync: { $($non_sync_def:tt)+ },
            sync: { $($sync_def:tt)+ }
        ) => {
            test_mod! {
                $test_mod_name,
                trait $base_trait { $($base_impl:tt)* },
                type dyn $base_trait,
                non_sync: { $($non_sync_def)* },
                sync: { $($sync_def)* }
            }
        };

        (
            $test_mod_name:ident,
            trait $base_trait:path { $($base_impl:tt)* },
            type $base_type:ty,
            non_sync: { $($non_sync_def:tt)+ },
            sync: { $($sync_def:tt)+ }
        ) => {
            mod $test_mod_name {
                test_mod!(
                    @test
                    $test_mod_name,
                    test_name: test_non_sync,
                    trait $base_trait { $($base_impl)* },
                    type $base_type,
                    { $($non_sync_def)+ },
                    []);

                test_mod!(
                    @test
                    $test_mod_name,
                    test_name: test_sync,
                    trait $base_trait { $($base_impl)* },
                    type $base_type,
                    { $($sync_def)+ },
                    [{
                        // Fail to convert Arc<Base> into Arc<Bar>.
                        let arc: $crate::__alloc::sync::Arc<$base_type> = $crate::__alloc::sync::Arc::new(Foo(42));
                        let res = arc.downcast_arc::<Bar>();
                        assert!(res.is_err());
                        let arc = res.unwrap_err();
                        // Convert Arc<Base> into Arc<Foo>.
                        assert_eq!(
                            42, arc.downcast_arc::<Foo>().map_err(|_| "Shouldn't happen.").unwrap().0);
                    }]);
            }
        };

        (
            @test
            $test_mod_name:ident,
            test_name: $test_name:ident,
            trait $base_trait:path { $($base_impl:tt)* },
            type $base_type:ty,
            { $($def:tt)+ },
            [ $($more_tests:block)* ]
        ) => {
            #[test]
            fn $test_name() {
                #[allow(unused_imports)]
                use super::super::{Downcast, DowncastSync};

                // Should work even if standard objects (especially those in the prelude) are
                // aliased to something else.
                #[allow(dead_code)] struct Any;
                #[allow(dead_code)] struct Arc;
                #[allow(dead_code)] struct Box;
                #[allow(dead_code)] struct Option;
                #[allow(dead_code)] struct Result;
                #[allow(dead_code)] struct Rc;
                #[allow(dead_code)] struct Send;
                #[allow(dead_code)] struct Sync;

                // A trait that can be downcast.
                $($def)*

                // Concrete type implementing Base.
                #[derive(Debug)]
                struct Foo(u32);
                impl $base_trait for Foo { $($base_impl)* }
                #[derive(Debug)]
                struct Bar(f64);
                impl $base_trait for Bar { $($base_impl)* }

                // Functions that can work on references to Base trait objects.
                fn get_val(base: &$crate::__alloc::boxed::Box<$base_type>) -> u32 {
                    match base.downcast_ref::<Foo>() {
                        Some(val) => val.0,
                        None => 0
                    }
                }
                fn set_val(base: &mut $crate::__alloc::boxed::Box<$base_type>, val: u32) {
                    if let Some(foo) = base.downcast_mut::<Foo>() {
                        foo.0 = val;
                    }
                }

                let mut base: $crate::__alloc::boxed::Box<$base_type> = $crate::__alloc::boxed::Box::new(Foo(42));
                assert_eq!(get_val(&base), 42);

                // Try sequential downcasts.
                if let Some(foo) = base.downcast_ref::<Foo>() {
                    assert_eq!(foo.0, 42);
                } else if let Some(bar) = base.downcast_ref::<Bar>() {
                    assert_eq!(bar.0, 42.0);
                }

                set_val(&mut base, 6*9);
                assert_eq!(get_val(&base), 6*9);

                assert!(base.is::<Foo>());

                // Fail to convert Box<Base> into Box<Bar>.
                let res = base.downcast::<Bar>();
                assert!(res.is_err());
                let base = res.unwrap_err();
                // Convert Box<Base> into Box<Foo>.
                assert_eq!(
                    6*9, base.downcast::<Foo>().map_err(|_| "Shouldn't happen.").unwrap().0);

                // Fail to convert Rc<Base> into Rc<Bar>.
                let rc: $crate::__alloc::rc::Rc<$base_type> = $crate::__alloc::rc::Rc::new(Foo(42));
                let res = rc.downcast_rc::<Bar>();
                assert!(res.is_err());
                let rc = res.unwrap_err();
                // Convert Rc<Base> into Rc<Foo>.
                assert_eq!(
                    42, rc.downcast_rc::<Foo>().map_err(|_| "Shouldn't happen.").unwrap().0);

                $($more_tests)*
            }
        };
        (
            $test_mod_name:ident,
            trait $base_trait:path { $($base_impl:tt)* },
            non_sync: { $($non_sync_def:tt)+ },
            sync: { $($sync_def:tt)+ }
        ) => {
            test_mod! {
                $test_mod_name,
                trait $base_trait { $($base_impl:tt)* },
                type $base_trait,
                non_sync: { $($non_sync_def)* },
                sync: { $($sync_def)* }
            }
        };

    }

    test_mod!(non_generic, trait Base {},
        non_sync: {
            trait Base: Downcast {}
            impl_downcast!(Base);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base: DowncastSync {}
            impl_downcast!(sync Base);
        });

    test_mod!(generic, trait Base<u32> {},
        non_sync: {
            trait Base<T>: Downcast {}
            impl_downcast!(Base<T>);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base<T>: DowncastSync {}
            impl_downcast!(sync Base<T>);
        });

    test_mod!(constrained_generic, trait Base<u32> {},
        non_sync: {
            trait Base<T: Copy>: Downcast {}
            impl_downcast!(Base<T> where T: Copy);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base<T: Copy>: DowncastSync {}
            impl_downcast!(sync Base<T> where T: Copy);
        });

    test_mod!(associated,
        trait Base { type H = f32; },
        type dyn Base<H=f32>,
        non_sync: {
            trait Base: Downcast { type H; }
            impl_downcast!(Base assoc H);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base: DowncastSync { type H; }
            impl_downcast!(sync Base assoc H);
        });

    test_mod!(constrained_associated,
        trait Base { type H = f32; },
        type dyn Base<H=f32>,
        non_sync: {
            trait Base: Downcast { type H: Copy; }
            impl_downcast!(Base assoc H where H: Copy);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base: DowncastSync { type H: Copy; }
            impl_downcast!(sync Base assoc H where H: Copy);
        });

    test_mod!(param_and_associated,
        trait Base<u32> { type H = f32; },
        type dyn Base<u32, H=f32>,
        non_sync: {
            trait Base<T>: Downcast { type H; }
            impl_downcast!(Base<T> assoc H);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base<T>: DowncastSync { type H; }
            impl_downcast!(sync Base<T> assoc H);
        });

    test_mod!(constrained_param_and_associated,
        trait Base<u32> { type H = f32; },
        type dyn Base<u32, H=f32>,
        non_sync: {
            trait Base<T: Clone>: Downcast { type H: Copy; }
            impl_downcast!(Base<T> assoc H where T: Clone, H: Copy);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base<T: Clone>: DowncastSync { type H: Copy; }
            impl_downcast!(sync Base<T> assoc H where T: Clone, H: Copy);
        });

    test_mod!(concrete_parametrized, trait Base<u32> {},
        non_sync: {
            trait Base<T>: Downcast {}
            impl_downcast!(concrete Base<u32>);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base<T>: DowncastSync {}
            impl_downcast!(sync concrete Base<u32>);
        });

    test_mod!(concrete_associated,
        trait Base { type H = u32; },
        type dyn Base<H=u32>,
        non_sync: {
            trait Base: Downcast { type H; }
            impl_downcast!(concrete Base assoc H=u32);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base: DowncastSync { type H; }
            impl_downcast!(sync concrete Base assoc H=u32);
        });

    test_mod!(concrete_parametrized_associated,
        trait Base<u32> { type H = f32; },
        type dyn Base<u32, H=f32>,
        non_sync: {
            trait Base<T>: Downcast { type H; }
            impl_downcast!(concrete Base<u32> assoc H=f32);
        },
        sync: {
            trait Base<T>: DowncastSync { type H; }
            impl_downcast!(sync concrete Base<u32> assoc H=f32);
        });
}